Society Law and Ethics XI

1. Digital Footprints

Digital footprints refer to the traces or records of activities that a user leaves behind while using the internet.
These include websites visited, social media posts, online transactions, emails, and any data shared online.

Types of Digital Footprints

Active Footprints
Information that you intentionally share online
(e.g., posts, comments, uploaded photos, emails).
Passive Footprints
Information collected automatically without your direct action
(e.g., browsing history, cookies, location tracking).

Why Digital Footprints Matter

Can be used by companies for targeted advertising.
Impact your online reputation.
May affect job or college opportunities.
Important for cybersecurity and privacy.

2. Digital Society and Netizen

A digital society is a community that uses digital technologies for communication, education, shopping, entertainment, and services.

A netizen (internet citizen) is a responsible user of the internet who follows online rules and respects others.

Net Etiquettes (Internet Etiquettes)

Be respectful while communicating online.
Do not use abusive or offensive language.
Do not spam or flood messages.
Avoid typing in ALL CAPS (it seems like shouting).
Think before posting — once uploaded, it’s permanent.
Respect others’ privacy and opinions.

Communication Etiquettes

Use polite and clear language in emails and chats.
Keep messages short and to the point.
Use appropriate subject lines in emails.
Avoid unnecessary attachments.
Respond promptly when required.

Social Media Etiquettes

Do not share misleading or fake information.
Give proper credit if using someone else’s content.
Protect your personal information.
Avoid online arguments and negative comments.
Report abusive or harmful posts.

3. Data Protection

Data protection refers to safeguarding personal and organizational information from misuse.

Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)

IPR protects creations of the mind, such as art, inventions, designs, and brands.

(a) Copyright

Protects original works like books, music, films, software.
Prevents unauthorized copying and distribution.

(b) Patent

Protects inventions or new technologies.
Allows the inventor exclusive rights for a fixed period (usually 20 years).

(c) Trademark

Identifies brands using logos, symbols, names.
Prevents others from using similar branding.

Violation of IPR

Plagiarism
Copying someone’s work or ideas without giving credit.
Copyright Infringement
Using copyrighted material (music, movies, software) without permission.
Trademark Infringement
Using a logo or brand name similar to an existing trademark to mislead consumers.

Open Source Software and Licensing

Open source software has source code that is freely available to modify, share, and use.

Common Open Source Licenses

Creative Commons (CC)
Allows creators to share content with conditions like attribution, non-commercial use, etc.
GPL (General Public License)
Ensures that software and its modified versions remain free and open.
Apache License
Allows users to freely use, distribute, and modify software with fewer restrictions.

4. Cyber Crime

Cyber crime refers to unlawful activities carried out using computers or the internet.

Types of Cyber Crimes

Hacking
Gaining unauthorized access to a computer or network.
Eavesdropping
Secretly listening to private communication between people or systems.
Phishing and Fraud Emails
Fake messages designed to steal personal information like passwords or bank details.
Ransomware
A malware that locks your data and demands money (ransom) to unlock it.
Cyber Trolls
People who intentionally post offensive or inflammatory comments online to upset others.
Cyber Bullying
Harassing, threatening, or humiliating someone using digital platforms.

5. Cyber Safety

Cyber safety means protecting yourself from online risks.

Safely Browsing the Web

Use secure websites (https://).
Avoid clicking unknown links or pop-ups.
Do not download files from untrusted sources.

Identity Protection

Use strong passwords and two-factor authentication.
Do not share personal information (address, phone number, bank details).
Keep privacy settings on social media high.

Confidentiality

Ensure sensitive data is shared only with trusted people.
Use encryption when necessary.
Log out from accounts after use.

6. Malware

Malware = “malicious software” designed to harm a computer system.

Types of Malware

Viruses
- Attach themselves to files or programs.
- Spread when infected files are shared.
- Can delete data or slow down systems.
Trojans
- Disguised as legitimate software.
- Allow attackers to control the system.
Adware
- Displays unwanted advertisements.
- Slows down the device and collects user data.

7. E-waste Management

E-waste refers to discarded electronic gadgets like mobiles, computers, TVs, batteries.

Proper Disposal Methods

Do not throw electronics in regular trash.
Use authorized e-waste recycling centers.
Donate devices if they are reusable.
Remove personal data before disposing of gadgets.
Participate in e-waste collection drives.

8. Information Technology Act (IT Act), 2000

The IT Act 2000 provides legal recognition for electronic records and digital signatures.

Key Objectives

Prevent and punish cyber crimes.
Protect electronic transactions.
Ensure legal validity of online communication.
Provide penalties for hacking, identity theft, and data theft.

Important Sections

Section 66: Computer hacking offences
Section 66C: Identity theft
Section 66D: Online cheating/impersonation
Section 67: Publishing obscene material online

9. Technology and Society

Technology affects different groups in different ways.

Gender Issues

Women often have less access to technology in some regions.
Online harassment affects female users more.
Encouraging equal digital learning opportunities is important.

Disability Issues

People with disabilities face challenges using computers.

Solutions include:

Screen readers for visually impaired users.
Voice recognition software.
Special keyboards and mouse devices.
Subtitles and captions for hearing-impaired users.
Designing software with accessibility features.

Here are 20 MCQs based on the Class 11 Computer Science topics you provided.
Each question includes four options and the correct answer.

20 MCQs – (Digital Footprints, Cyber Safety, IPR, Cyber Crime, etc.)

1. Digital footprints are the ________.

a) Physical marks left on computers
b) Traces of online activities
c) Viruses on the internet
d) Software updates
Answer: b

**2. Which of the following is an example of an active digital footprint?**

a) Website cookies
b) Browsing history
c) Posting a photo on social media
d) IP address tracking
Answer: c

3. A responsible internet user is called a ________.

a) Cyber bully
b) Netizen
c) Programmer
d) Server
Answer: b

4. Typing messages in ALL CAPS on the internet is considered ________.

a) polite
b) shouting
c) professional
d) confidential
Answer: b

5. Which of the following is a communication etiquette?

a) Using spam messages
b) Using clear subject lines in emails
c) Sharing fake news
d) Posting abusive comments
Answer: b

6. Copyright protects ________.

a) Company logos
b) Inventions
c) Original creative works
d) Hardware parts
Answer: c

7. A patent is used to protect ________.

a) Literary works
b) Inventions and technologies
c) Brand names
d) Software viruses
Answer: b

8. Using someone’s content without credit is called ________.

a) Open source
b) Plagiarism
c) Licensing
d) Innovation
Answer: b

9. GPL is a type of ________ license.

a) Proprietary
b) Open source
c) Hardware
d) Trademark
Answer: b

10. Which of the following is a cyber crime?

a) Downloading an antivirus
b) Hacking into someone’s computer
c) Using social media
d) Reading news online
Answer: b

11. Phishing is mainly done to ________.

a) Improve browsing speed
b) Steal sensitive information
c) Install legal software
d) Block websites
Answer: b

12. Ransomware works by ________.

a) Showing ads
b) Locking data and demanding money
c) Speeding up computer performance
d) Hiding files safely
Answer: b

13. Cyber bullying means ________.

a) Encouraging people online
b) Harassing or threatening people on the internet
c) Teaching internet safety
d) Fixing computer issues
Answer: b

14. Safely browsing the web includes ________.

a) Clicking unknown pop-ups
b) Using secure websites (https://)
c) Sharing passwords
d) Installing random apps
Answer: b

15. A strong password should include ________.

a) Only your name
b) Easy words
c) Letters, numbers, and symbols
d) Only digits
Answer: c

16. Viruses spread by ________.

a) Sending emails
b) Copying infected files
c) Using search engines
d) Watching videos
Answer: b

17. A Trojan is a type of malware that ________.

a) Disguises itself as legitimate software
b) Repairs the operating system
c) Stores passwords safely
d) Blocks antivirus
Answer: a

18. Disposing old electronic gadgets should be done through ________.

a) Normal dustbin
b) River dumping
c) Authorized e-waste centers
d) Burning
Answer: c

19. IT Act 2000 deals with ________.

a) Agriculture
b) Telephone services
c) Cyber crimes and electronic transactions
d) Manual paperwork
Answer: c

20. Providing accessible tools like screen readers helps overcome ________ issues.

a) Financial
b) Disability
c) Advertising
d) Political
Answer: b